This paper analyzes how environmental uncertainty and strategic orientation (includes market orientation and innovation orientation) influence product innovation. The research also examines the effect of product innovation on firm performance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), correlation and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique using PLS statistical software were employed to test of the research model and hypotheses. The results of our empirical analysis, based on a sample of 23 Iranian pharmaceutical firms, suggest that: (1) environmental turbulences positively influence market orientation, innovation orientation and product innovation; (2) market orientation and innovation orientation positively affect product innovation. And finally, (3) product innovation significantly influence firm performance.

Keywords: Strategic orientation, Product innovation, Environmental uncertainty, Business performance

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

This paper aims to address the different impacts of the factor of international collaboration (or rather, the lack thereof) on the dual aspects of “technological and market” catching up. The case study is radio-pharmaceutical industry in Iran during the international sanctions (2000-2013) and the aftermath. The theoretical foundation relies on a hybrid framework of innovation systems approach and global value chain analysis. Drawing on the first pillar, it evaluates the structural and functional analysis of the radiopharmaceutical innovation system which is now technologically selfreliant to meet the domestic needs. The study of global value chain set the backdrop to evaluate Iranian status for market-entry in the region. The paper concludes that the international sanctions have worked as inducers to reach to the technological catching –up while blocking its catching up process to entry into the regional market. The paper offers some suggestion for policy advice at the end.

Words: Global Value Chain, Technological Innovation System, Iran, Radio pharmaceuticals, JCPOA, functional upgrading

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

“Nature and rate of technological change is defined inside technological innovation system, a concept developed out of Innovation System approach. The main purpose of this study was to assessment the functional gap of nanotechnological innovation system of Iranian agriculture by investigating current state of hard and soft institutions regarding functions of the system. This study consisted of two qualitative and quantitative phases. In the qualitative part, a thematic content analysis was used to compare the current and desired states of high level laws and documents. The quantitative phase was a descriptive survey. In the quantitative phase, the statistical population consisted of active researchers in the field of nanotechnology from agricultural national research institutes and centers, agricultural colleges and
knowledge-based companies. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s table and stratified random sampling, 405 participants were selected. After ranking functions of the system based on their importance, current and desired functional state of hard institutions were compared through paired t-test. In the qualitative phase, current state of nanotechnological innovation in agricultural (NTIA) system was investigated in terms of functions of soft institutions (23 high level documents and laws related to nanotechnology) using ATLAS.ti software. Results showed that the functional gap between soft and hard institutions of the innovation system was very deep. This trend indicated that the capacities of various operators of NTIA system were not fully been used to advance nanotechnology applications in agriculture.”

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

Nowadays, research findings commercialization is so significant that universities and research centers have prioritized it in Iran and numerous countries. Nevertheless, in order to take better advantage of the research findings and successful commercialization, certain mechanisms should be designed. In this sense, the current study mainly aimed to identify and categorize research findings commercialization drivers in Iran and present it as an applied and comprehensive model. The current qualitative study was conducted in three stages: doing documentary studies, conducting interview, and using grounded theory. First, the existing literature was reviewed in order to extract the research findings commercialization drivers. Then, several interviews were conducted in order to identify additional drivers. The statistical sample consisted of 30 experts who were familiar with commercialization concepts through using purposive non-random sampling. Then, Grounded theory and final checklist of the research commercialization drivers were used to propose the conceptual framework. According to the results, the most important research commercialization drivers in Iran included: designing managerial mechanisms, creating Strategic alliances, modifying educational system, improving research structure, modifying contextual factors, creating supportive infrastructure, and strengthening researchers’ positive individual characteristics.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

This study aims to present an effective relationship model of Research and Technology organizations (RTOs) and Industries. In this way, an intensive literature review is conducted. Based on literature review, six main criteria and forty sub-criteria are extracted. Fuzzy-DEMATEL is applied to analyze the casual relationships among the criteria and sub-criteria in Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) as an important RTO in field of petroleum in Iran, then the relations are weighted by ANP. The results show that Personal and Organizational Factors are the most important criteria and influence the other criteria. Based on achievements, a model is proposed to present an effective relationship model of RTOs-Industry.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

Preliminary step of successful technology policymaking in less developed countries is to understand nature, pace and direction of technical change. Due to limited innovation capacity of less developed countries, reliance on absorbing elsewhere’s technologies and achieving incremental innovation in vicinity of those technologies is dominant. Technology transfer possesses an opportunity of technological learning only when intertwines with systematic efforts to build indigenous technological capabilities. This paper by adopting technological learning concept based on technology absorption and incremental innovation at firm level, and identifying roles of technology transfer actors that affect technological learning, interconnects these variables in mold of conceptual model to assess the effect of technology transfer actors on technological learning. A content validated questionnaire by 15 experts was addressed to 33 Syrian textile factories in public and private sectors in order to examine the assessment model in real life setting. Results of simple linear and multiple linear regression analysis show notable effect of technology transfer actors on operative capability compared to the effect on adaptive and innovative capabilities, in addition, ordinal regression analysis results, solely confirm the effect of operative capability on passive incremental innovation; these findings imply the passive entity of technical change system of textile industry in Syria.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

intermediary organizations are believed to have a beneficial influence on innovation processes. This paper explores the functions of intermediary organizations which have been referred in numerous studies to outline the role of intermediary organizations in innovation process. Based on literature review we provide an overview of the insights from the broad literature and propose a classification of general functions of intermediaries. Then, the functions are classified in six general categories, including: Mediation and linking, information and knowledge provider, bridging and networking, Technological and innovative service provider, Identify and provide resource, Supportive and infrastructure. We illustrate the classification through the use of examples of science and technology parks as a specific type of intermediary structure. In this study, the functions of Pardis Technology Park are investigated and compared with two successful science and technology parks in England and Finland based on developed classifications. Finally, Suggestions for the development of Pardis Technology Park were presented.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

Technology transfer has been a very frequent activity in the industrial world nowadays. Most of these transactions are taking place between highly developing countries, which are generally recognized as ‘northsouth technology transfer’ relationships. Technology valuation, and in particular technology pricing, has played
a considerable vital role in these transactions, in spite of a huge amount of limitations in the pricing methodologies applied. These constraints generally revert to the complicated nature of different technologies. Making a sound, traceable and reliable means for applying the price evaluation procedure, seems as a
technological requirement to be traced for.
The objective of delivering this paper is to introduce a new numerical technology pricing method to provide the two transacting parties a unique compromised price. Based on the pronounced development affair of the field, published in the literature, a three-dimensional model for technology pricing is purposed and exposed to a panel of experts for the judgment. The TOPSPS algorithm has been utilized to select the most similar technologies to the intended one and the constructed scoring system is applied to calculate the final technology price accordingly. The overall framework and detailed procedure of the proposed method are presented here. The method is validated through its application in a certain type of industry via a case study adopted to illustrate the practical application.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

During last decades a large amount of efforts have been made by emerging economies and developing countries in order to acquire knowledge and technological capabilities of innovating and developing complex product systems (CoPS). Also, many scholars have highlighted the role of government policies in the formation and evolution of CoPS industries in different countries. In the other side, Iran has made plenty of efforts to acquire knowledge and technologies of manufacturing gas turbines and consequently it has achieved remarkable outcomes. This paper aims at identifying and categorizing government policies meantime formation and evolution of this industry in Iran, through employing qualitative approach and case study strategy. Research findings indicate that the Iran‟s designed and executed influential policies via acting as leader and coordinator, investor and financer, client and user, and enabler and facilitator and created proper conditions for formation and evolution of this industry in Iran. Also, the dynamism of government policies during last three decades is illustrated. Our findings can suggest key policy implications for government interventions in the establishment and development of various complex product systems industries especially in developing countries.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

Evaluation plays a significant role in designing, implementing and learning from a technology transfer (TT) process. In fact, TT projects are organized/managed as a project, and thus it is important to know how the project management (PM) approach can influence the effectiveness of a TT which is of particular importance in the international context in which overseas players engaged. This paper suggests a new approach in which PM perspective is integrated with TT evaluation framework. This study builds a new conceptual framework and operationalizes it in a case study method. The empirical case is a joint-venture collaboration between Iranian and French companies in the car industry. This paper shows that by integrating PM and TT evaluation frameworks, it is possible to reach an efficient framework to study the effectiveness of a cross-border TT project.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

The interesting question of innovation in LMT and HMT sectors is taken into account in order to find out the differences between the contexts of developed and developing countries. This analysis has been made possible by very new data sources from the first round of Innovation survey in Iran containing information of about 2500 firms in different sectors. We developed 4 hypotheses from the literature that could have also been tested by the available data. We found that while LMT sectors in Iran are heavily depended on their suppliers to introduce new innovations in the form of new machineries; suppliers have not been considered for them as their main source of knowledge and information. Market consultants found to be very important in linking LMT firms with their suppliers. Moreover, they are not more innovative in terms of process innovation in comparison to the HMT firms while the latter is more product innovative than the former. HMTs are more depended on their customers‘ information, especially linkages with their clients from public sector is pivotal for their success in innovation. We discussed some context specific factors that could help explaining this specific pattern of behavior and then developed a model of innovation for the both sectors.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is one of the most important high technologies in developing countries. We have researched technological capabilities for efficient technology transfer in Iranian ICT firms. The five technological capabilities that are situated in Iranian ICT firms include: capabilities required before transfer, managerial capabilities, technical and technological capabilities, technology selection and contract agreement capabilities, and entity authority capabilities. One of the important categories of technological capabilities is managerial capabilities. The results show the Iranian ICT firms can use a suitable mechanism for the audit of managerial capabilities before technology transfer for efficient technology transfer. The Friedman test model is used for technological capability rankings and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model is used for managerial capability rankings. The main results of this article show that the managerial capabilities have the top five ranks according to types of capabilities. The managerial capabilities have six sub capabilities that have maximum effect on efficient technology transfer in Iranian ICT firms.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

This research has been written by aim of investigating effect of technology intelligence on innovative performance of firms with regard to open innovation mediator role. Generally in this research, fourth period data of iran reward for management of technology and innovation in order to model evaluation has been used. In other word, technology oriented small companies have been investigated. the research method in this paper in terms of gathering data is descriptive – correlation and based on objective, is Practical. In order to analyzing date, modelling structural equations and confirmation factor analyzing techniques by using PLS software have been used. Findings suggest that there is a positive and meaningful effect of technology intelligence on open innovation. Also data analyzing show that technology intelligence and open innovation have significant effect on firms Innovation performance and open innovation play mediator role in this trend.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

Organizations can no longer rely solely on their own resources to innovate and therefore look for strategic interactions outside their organizational boundaries. Therefore, companies are encouraged to establish cooperation relationship with external actors, such as customers and suppliers, access to new technologies. This research examines technological supplier integration in product innovation process. A model is proposed and tested using a sample of 75 Iranian car components manufacturers. Data are analyzed through the use of linear structural relations.
Results confirm that car components manufacturers are likely to perform product innovation tasks that are related to firms’ core competencies in-house. They also tend to externalize complex tasks to suppliers in order to increase product development speed. The supplier integration influences the time to market. However, it is more effective on speed to market when technology uncertainty is low than when technology uncertainty is high.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

In today’s dynamic economy, the importance of SMEs’ role in economic growth and job creation is undeniable. These organizations face many challenges that can impact their performance and growth potential. Government policies Making it easier to set up and grow a business recognize the importance of helping SMEs grow in order to benefit the wider Iran economy. To achieve this, small businesses often need assistance to increase sales (and
particularly exports), to improve the skills of their staff and to innovate more effectively. Standards and standardization can and should play a major role to help SMEs rise to these challenges. This research has been conducted to deepen understanding of the needs of SMEs in relation to standardization and the benefits that can flow from an increased level of engagement between the NSB and SMEs to supporting innovation in Iran. Using of a descriptive–exploratory methodology by means of combining qualitative and quantitative stages, we analyzed the access of small and medium sized enterprises to standards, which located in Isfahan science and technology town. This analysis includes drawing a general outline of the status quo, determining the impacts on access to market and also presenting some policy recommendations for enabling SMEs to achieve benefit from standards and standardization.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

The present study was conducted in Iran and aimed to analyze the relationships among technology acquisition & exploitation, organizational innovation, and organizational performance. We selected 80 manufacturing companies as statistical population of the study. Executive managers, senior managers, operational managers, and R&D managers of the companies were considered as appropriate respondents for this study. After the distribution of 320 questionnaires among the respondents, 280 usable questionnaires were gathered. The research method used for this study is descriptive-correlation and the analysis was carried out utilizing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) methodology. The factors analysis and the findings show that technology acquisition & exploitation has a significant positive influence on both organizational innovation and organizational performance. Further, organizational innovation has a significant positive impact on organizational performance.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

knowledge-based economy that it based on the production, distribution and application of knowledge and information are formed and where investment in knowledge and knowledge based industry are particular interest. On the other hand studies and research in the field of innovation system do not offer a clear analytical framework for conceptualizing and understanding the interaction of that. The new analysis of the triple helix concept, have been proposed in order to fill this gap. In this systematic approach, interactions of triple helix in the form of a innovation system covers combined structural and functional concepts of innovation in theory. According to research findings from a research of Ranga and Etzkowitz, in 2013؛ these relations consist of: technology transfer, acquisition of technology, cooperation and conflict mitigation, substitution and networking. Also according to the research findings؛ the networking is the highest priority in the relations of the triple helix. However, the networking is not in the current situation in the first place.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

In developing countries moving towards a knowledge-based economy is very difficult without government intervention, but the complexity of the government interventions has increased since this issue is multidimensional and the government should have special and holistic approach to the tradeoff and balance between different policies including supply and demand sides and infrastructure. Global STI Statistics shows that Iran fails to achieve balanced growth in various aspects of the development of knowledge-based economy. While Iran has good results in scientific output and human resource development, the innovation outputs are not in good situations. In this article, to design a suitable innovation policy system failures and policy mix approaches have been applied. To do this, first the main challenges and correspondent solutions have been identified. Then the solutions prioritized by using TOPSIS method via a focus group. The results showed that the most important strategies for development of knowledge-based products are quality of services and products and specially related infrastructure and standards, transparency of government demand, and utilization of foreign investment in the field of knowledge-based. For these strategies, 15 instruments as policy tools offered and modified by focus group interviews. The integrity and alignment of these instruments with the NIS functions confirms the validity of these tools. By analyzing the tools suggested that the regulatory tools like design and implementation of technology annex, big corporation‟s investment in research and development, diversification of financial services, and facilitation of the relationship between the public and private sector have been addressed

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

Based on management and particularly technology management literature, success of a firm depends on the effective integration of its technology strategy with its business or corporate level strategies. The question that arises is how this integration should be achieved. Based on the theory of Strategic Reference Points (SRP), organizations can select reference points for integration and then integrate their elements and systems with it. According to this theory, to define and integrate strategies, firms can define their strategic reference points and then design strategies based on them. However, to study several firms together, unique reference points are needed. In this study, control and focus were selected as strategic reference points and a hypothesis was raised that integrating technology and corporate strategies around these reference points can lead to higher performance. This hypothesis was tested in 78 SMEs and it was found that certain types of integration between corporate and technology strategies are associated with higher performance.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

Rapid technological changes in the present era have led companies to collaborate together to adapt to the dynamism of the environment. The main aid of this inter-organizational collaborations is to acquire knowledge. The most important field of knowledge in each organization is the knowledge about the organizational core competence. If the organization’s core competence be dynamic and the organization be effective in acquiring it, organization would reach sustainable competitive advantage. Acquiring core competence knowledge from collaborations need specific considerations. This paper aims to investigate the factors affecting the process of acquiring core competence knowledge from inter-organizational collaborations. Four factors have found to affect this process: Senior management involvement, Intensity of efforts, Type of Collaboration, and Intention.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

In this paper, we will discuss about the complexities of oil operation steps in the upstream section. Also, the specification of this section will be compared with both systems and complex products, considering the historical methods to compare oil agreements contracted before and after Iranian revolution and taking into  account the three models of the technology transfer in various versions of buyback contracts. Historical contracts and their strategic path in transferring technology in buyback contracts were studied. Comparative studies showed that the process of technology transfer in oil Industry in Iran should be top-down macro planning in the supply chain as a model for the oil industry. Moreover, the argument clarifies that the new technology transfer model for Iranian oil contracts known as IPC, inspire of all the criticism, is still the best option available. It includes several advantages of technology transfer such as soft-technology spillovers, by rotatory management and transfer of tacit knowledge, and creating integrity in oil systems & products as CoPs (complex product & systems), by attracting foreign investment in technology unit with 50% sharing. Therefore, the implementation of this type of the contract would safely proceed the path of technology transfer and will help the oil and gas industry in their long-term goals’ achievement.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

The evolution of innovation system literature has been scrutinized in order to delineate the conceptual trends over the past 20 years. We applied the Sigma index that is supposed to include not only the frontier contributions in the field that are getting increasing citations over time; but also the intellectual bases conveying transformative concepts. Our examination shows that after establishment of NIS as a principal concept with Freeman (1987), Lundvall (1992) and Nelson (1993) as the most important works, RIS literature has emerged in the period of 2002- 2007 as the imperative and novel concept while after that, TIS is regarded as the pivotal conceptual innovation within the field. Surprisingly, although both of them are forming their specific clusters, SIS could not establish its own constellation, nor is it being regarded at the center of attention during the past two decades. Analyzing new trends show that triple helix is an emerging concept whereas recent attentions are now being paid towards some older concepts such as diffusion of innovation as well as absorptive capacity.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

High growth of globalization and intensively international competition cause many developing countries to make effort in order to compensate for the technological gaps being between them and developed countries (Archibugi, 1995:2008). Many efforts are made to improve the technological competitiveness in order to reduce gap (Roessner et al., 2002). The concept of compatibility can be assessed at analysis level of institution, sector, and industry (Li, 2002). Measuring compatibility at national level by different institutes including ―Institute for Management Development‖ (IMD) and ―World Economic Forum‖ (WEF) is performed annually.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

How do the video game producer SMEs balance the tensions between exploitation activity of existing games and exploration of new concepts or new technologies and combine them to stimulate creativity and innovation. The video game industry, consisting of large and small organizations in a situation of complex innovations, both technological and editorial, is a privileged to observe and understand the tensions that develop between exploitation and exploration. The study of innovation activities in nine video game studios showed two models: internal management of tensions between exploitation and exploration through the project mode of organizational structure, and outsourcing of exploration activities. It appears that artistic creation is outsourced more easily than technological innovation.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

This study aims to find the differences between internal and international relationships in Iran and Switzerland’s nanorelated research. After collecting all the articles indexed from 2008 to 2015 with the address of Iran and Switzerland in WOS database, shares of different sectors and Triple Helix relations have been analysed. The results show a significant difference between the two countries’ structures of scientific research. Unlike Switzerland in which the role of industry is very significant, the share of industry in Iran is close to zero. Similarly, the role of government and international parties shows a similar pattern. Although the synergic trilateral relations in Switzerland is significantly higher than Iran as well as bilateral Government-Industry relations, the synergic bilateral relations between University-Industry is not statistically different and the Government-University synergies is substantially higher in Iran. This contradicting results is interpreted to lie in specific characters of Iran. Some theoretical implications and policy conclusions suggested at the end.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

Nowadays, crossing the path of technology development in developing countries would not be as effective as in developed countries in terms of time and cost. Therefore, developing countries are trying to establish collaborations with developed countries to enhance domestic technological capabilities through joint contracts in different fields. In this regard “Technology Appendix” of international contracts has recently been considered by Iranian science and technology policymakers as a major concept for upgrading technological capabilities and learning. So that all the public executive agencies tasked to draw up “Technology Appendix” as a part of their major international contracts. Due to the crucial role of technology in oil production and enhancing recovery factor of oil fields, transfer and development of technology is one of the most important basis for designing the new Iranian upstream oil contracts. So, this article attempts to present a systemic model for designing the contract articles related to technology and also text of technology appendix of Iran oil contract. For designing such a model, major functions of technology appendix are identified from comparative studies and related national strategic documents analysis. Functions, related policies and related actors to each function are the inputs of the model. Main process of the model is identifying the type of technology target areas (TTAs), collaboration structure and mechanism and evaluation indicators. Related articles for the body of contract and technology appendix are the output of the model.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

Nowadays, considering the speed of technological progress and increasing attention to innovation as drivers of economic development, Attention to the design and development of innovation ecosystems more than ever is growing. Innovation ecosystems develop and evolve on the subject of technology, sector or industry as a network and strategically in order to create entrepreneurial activities. One of the most important steps on the path of design of innovation ecosystems is search, identify, select and deployment of key actors in the innovation ecosystems. This study is an applied research with qualitative approach using multiple case study was carried out to identify the key actors in the design of petrochemical downstream industry innovation ecosystem. The findings show that six actors will play a key role in the development of petrochemical downstream industry innovation ecosystem that includes orchestrator, Accelerators, Human and physical infrastructure suppliers, venture capital, lead users and lead experts Which in turn are NECO business development holding as a orchestrator, NECO industry management as an accelerator, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Petrochemical Research and Technology Company (NPCRT), research institute of petroleum industry, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, and Department of Chemical Engineering in Sharif, Amir Kabir and Tehran universities as suppliers of Human and physical infrastructures, Innovation and Development Fund as a venture capital, public relations unit of National Petrochemical Company and Companies with demo plant as lead users, knowledge based companies as lead experts in Iranian petrochemical downstream industry innovation ecosystem.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

The aim of the paper is to identify factors promoting innovation in the framework of R&D based on surveys on firms in five ASEAN countries including Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam. The method of analysis is to divide sample firms into two categories, namely “the formal R&D group” and “informal R&D group,” and whether there is any difference between two groups is examined by comparing which of the internal capabilities, technology, human factors, or organization factors, promote innovation. The results of the estimation using ordered probit analysis indicate that the two groups pursue innovation differently. The formal R&D group promotes product innovation by (i) a cross-functional team, (ii) QC, whereas the informal R&D group enhances by (i) learning processes such as HRD and worker training and (ii) IT use. Estimation examines also process innovation.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

This study examined factors that influence the selection of mobile phones among public servants in Nigeria. It also investigated the factors that mobile phone users put into consideration when selecting a particular mobile phone that would satisfy their desire. These factors include; branding, pricing, mobile phone features, social lifestyle, promotion and demographic variables such as age group and gender. A random sampling technique was used to select a total of 150 respondents for the study, out of which 120 responded. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through the administration of a set of questionnaire while the secondary data was obtained from relevant books, journals and others publications. Data obtained were subjected to both descriptive and appropriate inferential statistics. The study revealed that public servants identified features of mobile phone as a key determinant when choosing mobile phones. The results of the study also identified taste and brand of the mobile phone as key factors contributing to mobile phone selection. Mobile phone brand, price and consumers‟ social lifestyles also influence the mobile phone selection based on the findings in the study.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

This study aims to evaluate the determinants of technological change in microfinance institutions (MFIs) to support the ongoing debate on sustainability in the microfinance industry. Hence, the longitudinal data of 169 MFIs, covering the period from 2009 to 2014, were collected from the Microcredit Regulatory Authority annual reports in Bangladesh. This study used the two-stage semiparametric approach. In the first stage, the Malmquist Productivity Index (non-parametric) was employed to estimate the technological change. In the second stage, the regression analysis (parametric) showed that institutional characteristics, macroeconomic factors and external sources of funds significantly affect the technological change of MFIs. Findings and policy implications are further discussed.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

In an information economy, ‘information’ is exchanged explicitly as a commodity or the ‘information’ is embedded in some product good or service. Information as a commodity in an information economy has all properties of other economic goods that are traded in the framework of the conventional world trading system.
This study argues that if a piece of information is produced within the boundaries of a nation using its own resources, it would be considered as the product of that nation and any kind of cross national profit generation based on that particular piece of information should come under the purview of the rules and regulations of international trade. However, current global trading policies disregard this fact due to the prevailing structural disorder in the economies of peripheral regions in the world system. This structural disorder is exogenously generated and rooted from the core nations as an outcome of capitalistic innovations and its higher level
diffusion in the peripheral economies. For instance, the rapid pace of the diffusion of capitalist internet information tools in emerging information economies like India creates an economic vagueness in their innovation systems, and implicitly contributes economic underdevelopment in peripheral economies. The ‘crowdsourcing’ systems of information and knowledge which are invented by capitalist innovators diffuse the socioeconomic chaos in the region of peripheral economies and reaffirm the emergence of a new regime of the world system. In other words, ‘information’ is the key factor of production in an information economy and the production of such information is a knowledge and cost-intensive activity. The present world trading system and trade policies in the peripheral region ignores these factors due to a prevailing ambiguity in the conventional wisdom of international trade. For instance, information economy-driven capitalist innovations like Facebook, Google, YouTube, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc. accumulates huge profits from peripheral regions by enabling the multilateral trade of ‘information’ which generated within the national boundaries of peripheral economies using their own economic resources. This systemic error leads emerging economies like India to underdevelopment. Emerging market economies in the world should adopt appropriate policy measures to raise these issues in the venues of trade policy formulating bodies and forums.

Keywords: Innovation, Information Economy, Social Media, International Trade

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

Thailand faced financial crisis in 1997. Both financial and real sectors were seriously affected. Many firms in labour-intensive sectors, where Thailand used to have competitive advantage such as garments, textile, shoe, disappeared or had to restructure. Nonetheless, the crisis can also be seen as a blessing in disguise. After the crisis, transnational corporation and large domestic firms, in general, started to invest more in R&D. Several SMEs that survived the crisis emerged much stronger and paid more attention to technological development. There was also emergence of new start-up firms with high engineering, design and R&D capabilities. This paper will highlight changes after the crisis in three leading industrial sectors: electronics, automotive and frozen seafood industry. In electronics industry, there are not many capable firms in the upstream segment like semiconductors. Nevertheless, transnational corporations in segment like hard disk drive began to invest in process R&D and collaborate more with local suppliers, universities and public research institutes in human resource and technological development. In automotive industry, several Japanese auto manufacturers such as Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Isuzu set up R&D/Technical centers in Thailand since 2000s. This prompted Japanese and local part suppliers to also invest more in engineering, design and development activities. Some local universities also offer engineering programs specifically targeting the automotive industry. In frozen seafood industry, several Thai firms have developed new ready-to-eat products, own brands and international distribution networks. They started to become transnational corporations investing in both developing and developed countries.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

It has become well recognized that to explore knowledge management solutions information technology does not in itself create knowledge or guarantee knowledge creation. Knowledge management is a not just computer or IT focused concept rather it has a whole gamut of other parameters as well. The purpose of this study was to expand the base of knowledge in that area, and empirically test the relationship between intra-community social interaction within an organization and the success of knowledge management system. Two aspects of social interaction were measured: collaboration within departments, and interdepartmental conflict. Methodology used to measure directionality and relationship was correlation. The results of the study indicate that there is a significant relationship between both factors and knowledge management system success. Interdepartmental collaboration showing a positive impact while interdepartmental conflict showing a negative inclination towards KMS success. Additionally, due to the nature of this study, there was no attempt to classify results based on type or size of the organizations. Opportunities for similar research would appear to exist in this area, to determine if the study factors differ based on organization type, makeup, or organizational structure

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

Australia has increased its science and technology research collaboration with Asia, reflecting the move of economic focus from the West to the East. Using the example of the chemical sciences, we have employed bibliometrics to provide quantitative data on outcomes of international research collaboration. Data were obtained from the Thomson-Reuters global database of research lliterature. The countries selected were those whose chemical societies are memebrs of the Federation of Asian Chemical Societies. A more detailed analysis was performed for the case of India. Australia-India research collaboration has been the focus of increased investment by both national governments, in a suatained diplomatic initiative over recent eyars.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

There have been little studies on global trends of convergence innovation. Majority of convergence studies has been sector-specific investigations into convergence innovation. This chapter takes a close look at the shape of convergence innovation both at sectoral and country levels. By measuring intra-industry convergence and inter-industry convergence, a convergence innovation matrix has been developed based on the results of the analysis. The specialized suppliers sector shows the highest degree of intraconvergence innovation accounting for 40 percent to 50 percent of total patents. This implies that the specialized suppliers are the focal points of convergence innovation, integrating forward and backward industries. From the cross-country comparison, we discovered no major differences between countries in the trends of inter-industry convergence. It has been concluded that the inherent industrial and technological characteristics may play a critical role in convergence activities regardless of country specific characteristics.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

The objective of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of knowledge production and innovation ecosystem in Indian solar energy sector. In 2010, government of India introduced National Solar Mission to promote our country‟s energy security challenge, aims to become a leader in solar power generation, supporting R&D activities, develop trained human resource for solar industry. Knowledge production here refers to the research outcomes such as patents and research publications from the various R&D institutions, university, firms, etc. and innovation ecosystem is one of the perspective where the sense of environment of various institutions, actors and various other factors surrounding the activity of research and innovation. The study shows that research outcomes; research publications, patents and R&D investment has become a more essential. It highlights the number of publications and patents has been increased. There is also a significant presence of productive academia, R&D institutions and supportive policy initiatives in the country. This paper also addresses the research trust area in various solar technologies, the current solar energy scenario in the country and explores the ways in which various actors, agencies and policies shape the solar sector from various perspectives on innovation literature.

دسته بندی موضوعی: 

This paper aims to review the features of Korean public (science and technology) research system and analyze the issues and discussions about it. Furthermore, it attempts to draw and present implications to other developing countries from the Korean experience. Public research system of Korea consists mainly of universities,
government-supported research institutes (GRIs), and other national and public research institutes (hereafter PRIs). The universities include research-oriented universities that pursue knowledge creation, general universities that focus on the application and diffusion of the knowledge, and technical colleges that concentrate on training skills required in industry. The main interest of many researches on Korean universities has been centered around research-oriented and general universities. These have examined on the issues such as (1) government’s research funding mechanism for promoting university research, (2) expertise and roles of supporting organizations and personnel of universities for increasing research productivity, (3) commercialization of university research outcomes, (4) promotion of university – industry collaboration and university – public research institutes collaboration, and (5) benchmarking the university research system of advanced countries such as US for the advancement of Korean university research system. Research and discussions about GRIs have focused on the issues such as (1) the governance of 25 GRIs (now under the National Research Council of Science & Technology), (2) Korean government’s funding methods for GRIs (including research budget, researchers and labor expenses, administrative expenses, etc.), (3) promoting commercialization of GRIs’ research outcomes, (4) institutional management of GRIs such as management of organization and human resources, and evaluation method of institutes and individual researcher, (5) benchmarking the research system of national/public institutes of advanced countries such as US for upgrading Korean GRI system. PRIs have not been studied and discussed much as they are receive less funding from the government than GRIs and then their research projects’ scale are not bigger than GRIs’. PRIs have attracted less attention than GRIs for these reasons. The features of Korean public research system and the issues regarding it as explained above may provide many implications to other developing countries. These issues of Korea may be the future as well as current issues of other developing countries. Therefore, understanding the Korean experience about these issues and discussions for overcoming problems involved these issues may contribute to the advancement of their public research systems for other developing countries.

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In this globalization era the world has accepted the development and importance of Knowledge economy. Innovative research and development are the key supporting factor for a nation‟s economic growth and development. In many countries attention is given to highly skilled human resources who support the growth of Knowledge society. The territory sectors education and research and development in universities playing a pivotal role. The quality of research work and their contribution to the regional and national development and the increasing number of workforce participation in research education is major concern among the policy makers of India. The paper examines research and development participation of university research departments to the Knowledge based economy as a resultant innovation for the development of India as well as the state of Kerala. The study is based on the primary data collected from five universities of Kerala on scientific and innovative research participation of students in science and social science academic discipline. And it is an attempt to find out the gap of current research system and suggest various policy measures in research education to improve the existing condition of Universities of Kerala

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The bottom-level weaker position of developing countries industrial clusters in GVCs make them prone to the threats of non-compliance of international standards and power dominance by lead firm in GVCs as empirically evident from the traditional industrial clusters of Pakistan. In the context of sceptical literature on the upgrading of supplier firms in GVCs, this research argues that the GVC analysis is limited because the GVC approach takes a quite identifiable linear perspective because the main actors taken into account are firms along the value chain and the lack of attention to the institutional context within which local firms interacting in GVC are embedded. The main research question is how do the innovation systems at the regional and national level support industrial clustered firms in their ability to upgrade from a position of SUPPLIERS to NODES in GVC through the links with knowledge institutes embedded in ISs and GVCs. This research test the hypotheses using empirical study of the ICT clusters of Pakistan significantly agglomerated in the cities of Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi. The econometric analysis of cluster firms’ data shows that knowledge links with the knowledge institutes do not support the upgrading of firms in GVC.

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Access to clean and affordable energy plays a significant role in the process of economic development of any society. Microgrid is the promising solution to achieve the goals of sustainable energy for all (SE4ALL) a global programme initiated by United Nations. This paper highlights the promising opportunities in micro grid market, related challenges and discusses the emerging business models in renewable energy sector of Pakistan.

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Innovation policies in general aim at promoting research and development (R&D) activities and consist of various policy instruments for increasing private investments in R&D. Innovation studies also focus mostly on R&D activities as a determinant of innovation performance. However, firms in developing countries do not have a R&D department but achieve innovations. To design innovation policies appropriate to business environments in developing countries, we need to fill the gap between the academic/policy focuses and actual innovative activities in developing countries. Considering such situation, this study investigates characteristics of the firms that attempt innovative activities in Vietnam. The empirical analyses of this study use a questionnaire survey data that was developed in early 2016. This study applies two analytical methods: a regression analysis and a set-theoretic approach to identify conditions for trying new product introduction. The survey data present that a significant proportion of the firms in Vietnam attempt to introduce a new product without R&D department. The results of the analyses show that a necessary condition for new product introduction is not R&D department but cross-departmental meeting. Firms may need to establish an effective coordination mechanism among departments to integrate internally available resources into innovative activities.

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We contribute to the literature on innovation studies by presenting a new patent renewal model to test patent value indicators. This paper attempts to fill a research gap of literature by constructing the dynamic model into which both ex ante and ex post patent value indicators are incorporated, and demonstrating especially the effects of forward citations. The model is tested for a large set of Pharmaceutical patents granted by the European Patent Office between 1996 and 2009. We test five ex ante indicators and single ex post indicator including family size, patent backward citations, backward references to non-patent literature, number of claims, number of inventors, and the ex post indicator -forward citations. Empirical findings show that three citation related indicators, family size, and the number of claims are positively associated with patent values, while the number of inventors are negatively correlated. In addition, forward citations seem to have persistent learning effects on patent values.

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Research grants for academic science have increased continuously; therefore, it is necessary to examine various factors that affect research productivity. We use a comprehensive data set comprised of recipient, research attribute, and research grant to scrutinize factors that influence research performance. We find that the magnitude and impact of factors varies depending on how research productivity is measured. However, several elements associated with recipients’ past and current affiliations, the number of authors, international research collaborations, periods supported, technology cycles, and particular regional locations positively and significantly increase the probability of publication in prominent journals.

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Malaysia‘s rapid economic growth, often attributed to FDI-led export-oriented industrialization, has received a significant contribution from natural resource-based industry. In particular rubber was as important to the Malaysian economy as it was to the global automobile industry. From the late twentieth century, however, the awareness of the risks of HIV/AIDS, SARS, and avian influenza raised the global demand for medical rubber gloves. By focusing on two top medical glove companies, this study shows how Malaysia‘s rubber product manufacturing has been successfully expanded and transformed. The chapter demonstrates that the firms took advantage of fortuitous external demand conditions and internal technological support from government R&D institutions to achieve technological upgrading quickly. It is argued more generally that the sustainable development of natural resource-based industries in emerging economies will require, among others, entrepreneurial capabilities and close public-private relationships.

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This paper aims at understanding the current situation of how and why the Japanese Small and Medium Sized Enterprise promote and manage the overseas expansion of its production bases in China and Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) through the in-depth case studies of Japanese apparel and accessary industries. The so called ―Plus One‖ strategy is usually explained by the Economics, Sociology and Business administrations, such as Fragmentation Theory and the concept of Global Value Chain. However these perspectives are not enough to explain the dynamics of the SMEs‘ business optimization by forming supply chains. By introducing two cases about the Japanese apparel and accessary industries, the authors clarify the several important elements for SMEs overseas expansions, including the Lead Time management, Proper Use of factories and sales side effects for the production processes.

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Increasing global economic development affects the greening of the economy in multiple ways which is little researched. Applying evolutionary economic theory the paper investigates trends in and possibly changes to the international division of labour in eco-innovation. Using water innovation as a case the paper uses results from a recent Delphi survey carried out in Europe and China to investigate the innovation balance of these two regions. While European and Chinese results deviate somewhat, the overall picture of these early findings indicate that China is catching up with Europe to a considerable degree in water innovation; this takes place across the different water domains although with some differences. The findings points to the rise of global green economic change and an emerging new division of labour in eco-innovation where China is becoming an important player.

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Rapid ICT growth made possible for all scale of business firm to get accessibility, availability and affordability of technology. Large scale business firms are already well embraced by new technologies, while SMEs are not enormously accept to adopt new ICT based applications. The main purpose of this paper is to extract the hindering factors those affect the adoption rate of technologies by SMEs which usually slower than large firms. Based on the survey, the results of this study identified variables such as lack of technological awareness, unwillingness of Owners and technological threats are serious factors those resist the adoption rate of technology in SMEs. Moreover, the results suggests to SMEs that timely adopt suitable technologies and also organize in an effective way, so that to maximize the economic and social benefits. Otherwise become very difficult to survive.

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Learning and teaching is going through transformation face globally. New generation of students are entering the education system with a lot of technological knowledge which poses a challenge to the education providers and the consumers. Termed „geeks, digital natives‟ or the „Net generation‟, these young people are said to have been immersed in technology all their lives, imbuing them with sophisticated technical skills and learning preferences for which traditional education is unprepared. Grand claims are being made about the nature of this generational change and about the urgent necessity for educational reform in response. In this paper, the authors draw on the use of mobile devices for learning which if well utilized can aid the education systems in most African Countries. The old pedagogy of the teacher being the absolute source of information is being challenged by the array of emerging devices like Smartphone, ipads, laptops and others which are readily available to the leaner‟s. Most countries have also invested on internet connectivity which can also be leveraged for learning purposes. In our view, technology can be instrumental in bringing about a new interactive and collaborative and engaging learning space.

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This paper investigates eco-innovation dynamics in the water area comparing China and Europe applying a national innovation system (NIS) perspective within evolutionary economic theory. To date, this framework has been rarely applied to the study of the green economy. While NIS empirical analysis often remains at the macro benchmarking level. We use selected IPC codes from the regionalized patent (REGPAT-2016) OECD patent database, and we select International Patent Classification (IPC) codes related with the different water technological innovation. Based on the patent analysis, we identified the major role of Chinese Universities, leading water eco innovations in the Country. We also identified some similarities between Europe and China related to the companies‘ distributions in the water related to companies‘ size and origin.

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In the case of a technology, sustainability has been understood at different levels, such as the technology being sustainable, the processes of production and use of the technology being sustainable or the overall vision of firms being sustainable. Although it is difficult to operationalise and come to a consensus on the boundaries of sustainability in various contexts, it is a highly popular concept, especially in the development related discourses. The technological choices made by consumers and firms are both influenced by the popularity of RO. This popularity may lead to path dependence or lock-in to RO because of information contagion. Scientific papers, patent documents, interviews with firms and consumers, as well as content analysis of firm websites were done to understand the evolution of drinking water purification technologies at household level and the influence of sustainability debate on it. The debate around sustainability does not seem to influence the technological choices in both the cases.

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Purpose: As the IT sector is flourishing in Pakistan with new entrants entering the market, the study focuses on the impact of personal selling, customer relationship management and product quality on consumer behavior in this sector. The results from the current study will provide a guideline for IT firms to get better growth, have an advantage through better customer relationship and have value in their product, so that they can retain and increase customer loyalty. It identifies and argues that if certain behavioural tendencies are organizationally encouraged, they can play a significant role in bringing creative transformation to an organization. Design/methodology/approach: The present study has attempted to produce results and findings that will in turn answer questions regarding the effectiveness of variables known as personal selling, product quality and customer relationship management in the context of online shoping experience in Pakistan. The statistical part of analysis is based on descriptive statistic, correlation and regression analysis of the online shoppers including university students in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The data was collected from a sample size of 250 respondents out of 270 in January 2017. Convenience sampling technique was used for data collection. Findings: Results indicate that customer perceived value, customer satisfaction and switching cost are major factors which can highly affect the customer loyalty in the nascent online Pakistani market. Research/practical implications: The present study offers a reality check to local IT companies of sophisticated customer base despite the online business being in its very early stage. It gives them a framework of how to effectuate their organizational effectiveness. Originality/value: This paper makes an attempt to reason why technology matters for linking behaviour and creativity together to create new ways of doing business.

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Innovations are seldom runaway successes. Most of the time Innovations either fail to diffuse widely or fail to diffuse at all. Much has been theorized in this regard. One of the key elements in the diffusion process is the presence of a supportive infrastructure and suitable social and political regimes to propagate the innovations. Often these aspects are beyond the control of private organizations, requiring massive resource investment and political support. However despite the above, innovators particularly in the public research systems continue to innovate without regard to an adequate understanding of the contextual environment within which they expect their innovation to operate. We present the case of one such innovation failure introduced into a regional value chain in India for an agricultural commodity Makhana (Foxnut/ Gorgon nut). We find that innovation in general within the Makhana value chain is moderated by political and social factors. Long centuries of stability have reified exploitative actor networks with very few contestations taking place. Also the types of innovations being introduced by the agricultural researchers require too much systemic support preventing a smooth transition process. This is as much a failure of the imagination as it is the result of a collective notion of the archetype of a ―technological intervention‖. Studies of innovation processes within agricultural value chains of developing countries are rare and we hope that the findings of our study can be used to create improved mechanisms for innovation generation, resulting in lower rates of failure and better outcomes for all actors within such value chains.

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This paper examines the relationship between labour productivity growth in non- traditional sectors and ―innovation policy‖ for a cross-section of countries. Innovation policy is characterized by investments in tertiary education and research and development as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the freedom in the business environment, as well as overall government effectiveness. Our results confirm the economic convergence between richer and poorer countries. We could show a significant positive effect of the interaction between government effectiveness and government expenditures in tertiary education as a percent of GDP on labour productivity growth in non-traditional sectors. Also, for developing countries, a positive and significant relationship between the growth variable and effective research and development expenditures was observed. We could not uncover a relationship between other innovation policies and labour productivity growth. Non-traditional sector labour productivity growth in the oil rich Arabian Gulf countries was observed to be consistently slower than western countries. Higher oil prices appear to crowd-out innovation in oil-rich countries while stimulating innovation in oil importing countries.

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By reviewing economic performance, two main phenomena could be identified: The first phenomenon is prior to the third wave of the Industrial Revolution in which limited resources are the predominant input; in other words, physical and natural resources are much more credited than human resources. The second phenomenon resonates with the third wave of industrial revolution to the present time, suggesting the pivotal role of humans in production and accumulation of wealth, in which limited resources are no longer considered as predominant input. The present research seeks to understand the behavioral logic of the players of Iran’s pharmaceutical sector so as to infer the innovative treatment of the firms in this sector. The concept of innovative system is indebted to the efforts economists and other scientists have made by analyzing economic development based upon technological development. Meanwhile, sectoral innovation system (SIS) is a tool for analyzing a technological sector in the context of evolutionary economics with an emphasis on institutional capabilities. The structure of such an approach is composed of some components through which performance analysis of certain technological sector could be made possible. The current study wishes to explain structural model of institutional elements in this technological sector. Subsequently, in light of such an explanation, structural elements of this sector would be analyzed through identification of legal and regulatory framework, innovative culture, innovative infrastructure, financial resources, information resources, technology transfer mechanisms, commercialization support and marketing.

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